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Introduced Version Senate Bill 476 History

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Key: Green = existing Code. Red = new code to be enacted

Senate Bill No. 476

(By Senator Plymale)


[Introduced February 21, 1994;

referred to the Committee on to Judiciary.]




A BILL to amend and reenact sections four, six, six-a, twelve, twelve-a, fifteen, sixteen and twenty-four, article twenty, chapter forty-seven of the code of West Virginia, one thousand nine hundred thirty-one, as amended; to further amend said article by adding thereto a new section, designated section sixteen-a; to amend and reenact sections seven, eleven, fifteen, sixteen and twenty-two, article twenty-one of said chapter; and to further amend said article by adding thereto a new section, designated section sixteen-a, all relating generally to charitable bingo and charitable raffles.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:
That sections four, six, six-a, twelve, twelve-a, fifteen, sixteen and twenty-four, article twenty, chapter forty-seven of the code of West Virginia, one thousand nine hundred thirty-one, as amended, be amended and reenacted; that said article be further amended by adding thereto a new section, designated section sixteen-a; that sections seven, eleven, fifteen, sixteen and twenty-two, article twenty-one of said chapter be amended and reenacted; and that said article be further amended by addingthereto a new section, designated section sixteen-a, all to read as follows:
ARTICLE 20. CHARITABLE BINGO.
§47-20-4. Annual license; conditions on holding bingo.

(a) General. -- A charitable or public service organization or any of its auxiliaries or other organizations otherwise affiliated with it may apply for an annual license to conduct charitable bingo.
(1) Only one license per year in the aggregate may be granted to a charitable or public service organization and all of its auxiliaries or other associations or organizations otherwise affiliated with it: Provided, That for purposes of this section the various branches, chapters or lodges of any national association or organization or local churches of a nationally organized church are not considered affiliates or auxiliaries of each other.
(2) The commissioner shall by regulation provide for the manner for determining to which organization, whether the parent organization, an affiliate or auxiliary, the one license allowed under this section is granted.
(b) Period of license. -- An annual license is valid for one year from the date of issuance first day of the calendar month during which it was issued and entitles only the licensee to hold no more than two bingo occasions per week: Provided, That an annual license issued after the thirtieth day of June, one thousand nine hundred ninety-four, shall be valid for twelve consecutive calendar months beginning with the month in which it is issued.
(c) Conditions on holding bingo.
(1) Joint bingo occasions prohibited. -- No two or more organizations may hold a joint bingo occasion under any annual licenses.
(2) Length of bingo occasion. -- No bingo occasion held pursuant to an annual license may exceed six hours duration.
(3) Display of license. -- A licensee shall display its annual bingo license conspicuously at the location where the bingo occasion is held during the conduct of the occasion.
(4) Bingo occasions open to public. -- All bingo occasions shall be open to the general public: Provided, That no licensee shall permit or allow any individual under the age of eighteen to participate in the operating or playing of any bingo game with knowledge or reason to believe that the individual is under the age of eighteen: Provided, however, That an individual under the age of eighteen may attend the playing of a bingo game when accompanied by and under the supervision of an adult relative or legal guardian of said individual.
§46-20-5. Limited occasion license; conditions on holding of games.

(a) General. -- A limited occasion license is valid only for the time period specified in the application and entitles only the licensee to hold a bingo occasion once every twenty-four hours for a time period not to exceed two weeks.
(1) Joint limited bingo occasions. -- Two or more organizations may hold a joint bingo occasion provided each participating organization has been granted a limited occasion license for such joint occasion.
(2) Length of limited bingo occasions. -- No bingo occasion held pursuant to a limited occasion license may exceed twelve hours in duration.
(3) Each charitable or public service organization which desires to hold bingo occasions pursuant to this section, or any of its auxiliaries or other organizations affiliated with it shall obtain a limited occasion license notwithstanding the fact that it holds a valid annual license: Provided, That no licensee may obtain more than one limited occasion license.
(4) Limitation on number of licenses. -- Only three limited occasion licenses per year in the aggregate may be granted to a charitable or public service organization and all of its auxiliaries or other associations or organizations otherwise affiliated with it, none of which hold an annual license. For purposes of this section the various branches, chapters or lodges of any national association or organization or local churches of a nationally organized church are not considered affiliates or auxiliaries of each other.
(5) The commissioner shall be regulation provide the manner for determining to which organization, whether the parent organization, an affiliate or an auxiliary, the tree licenses allowed under this section are granted.
(b) Conditions for holding a limited occasion bingo.
(1) Display of license. -- A licensee shall display its limited occasion license conspicuously at the location where the bingo occasion is held during the conduct of bingo.
(2) Bingo occasions open to public. -- All bingo occasions shall be open to the general public: Provided, That no licenseesshall permit or allow any individual under the age of eighteen to participate in the operating or playing of any bingo game with knowledge or reason to believe that the individual is under the age of eighteen: Provided, however, That an individual under the age of eighteen may attend the playing of a bingo game when accompanied by and under the general supervision of an adult relative or legal guardian of said individual.
§47-20-6. License fee and exemption from taxes.
(a) License fees. -- (1) Annual license fee. -- A license fee shall be paid to the tax commissioner for an annual license in the amount of five hundred dollars, except that -- (A) for volunteer or nonprofit groups who gross less than twenty thousand dollars the fee shall be two hundred dollars, and (B) for bona fide senior citizen organizations the fee is fifty dollars. (2) Limited occasion license fee. -- A license fee shall be paid to the tax commissioner for a limited occasion license in the amount of one hundred dollars. (3) State Fair license fee. -- A license fee of five hundred dollars shall be paid to the tax commissioner for a state fair license as provided in section twenty-two of this article.
(b) Deposit of fees. -- All revenue from said license fee shall be deposited into the special revenue account established under the authority of section two-a, article nine, chapter eleven of this code and used to support the investigatory activities provided for in that section.
(c) Fee in lieu of other license taxes. -- The license fee imposed by this section is in lieu of all other license or franchise fee taxes or fees of this state and no county ormunicipality or other political subdivision of this state is empowered to impose a license or franchise tax or fee.
(b)(d) Exemption from tax. -- (1) The gross proceeds derived from the conduct of a bingo occasion are exempt from state and local business and occupation taxes, income taxes, excise taxes and all special levies. (2) The licensee is exempt from payment of consumers sales and service taxes and use taxes on all purchases for use or consumption in the conduct of a bingo occasion and is exempt from collecting consumers sales tax on any admission fees and sales of bingo cards.
§47-20-6a. Super bingo license.
(a) General. -- Any charitable or public service organization may, upon payment of a five thousand dollar license fee, apply to the tax commissioner for issuance of an annual super bingo license.
(b) Deposit of revenue. -- All revenue from said license shall be deposited in the special revenue account established under the authority of section two-a, article nine, chapter eleven of this code and used to support the investigatory activities provided for in that section.
(c) The tax commissioner shall promulgate rules in accordance with article three, chapter twenty-nine- a of this code specifying the organizations which qualify as charitable or public service organizations.
(d) Limitation on number of super bingo occasions. -- A holder of a super bingo license may conduct one super bingo occasion each month during the period of the license at which up to thirty thousand dollars in prizes may be awarded,notwithstanding the seven thousand five hundred dollar limitation on prizes specified in section ten of this article.
(e) A charitable or public service organization that has a regular or limited bingo occasion license may apply for a super bingo license.
§47-20-10. Limits on prizes awarded -- General provisions.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in section twenty-two of this article, the total value of all prizes awarded by a licensee during the period of a license may not exceed in value eighty- five percent of the gross proceeds collected during that period: Provided, That notwithstanding the foregoing limitation, the total prizes awarded by a licensee, or in the aggregate by two or more limited occasion licensees holding a joint bingo occasion, for any bingo occasion held pursuant to an annual or limited occasion license, may not exceed seven thousand five hundred dollars in value.
(b) Prizes may be money or merchandise other than beer, nonintoxicating beer, wine, spirits or alcoholic liquor as defined in section five, article one, chapter sixty of this code. If the prizes are merchandise, the value assigned to them is their fair market value at the time of purchase.
§47-20-12. Compensation.
Except as provided otherwise in sections twelve-a, thirteen and twenty-two of this article, no individual who participates in any manner in the conduct of a bingo occasion or the operation of a concession in conjunction with a bingo occasion may receive or accept any commission, wage, salary, reward, tip, donation, gratuity, or other form of compensation or remuneration whetherdirectly or indirectly, regardless of the source, for his or her work, labor or services.
47-20-12a. Compensation of bingo operator.
(a) Within the guidelines set forth in subsection (b), (c) and (d) of this section, a licensee may pay a salary, not to exceed the federal minimum wage, to operators of bingo games who are active members of the licensee organization.
(b) If the licensee's gross receipts from bingo occasions equal or exceed one hundred thousand dollars for the licensee's most recently filed annual financial report, a salary may be paid to not more than three operators.
(c) If the licensee's gross receipts from bingo occasions are less than one hundred thousand dollars, but equal or exceed fifty thousand dollars for the licensee's most recently filed annual financial report, a salary may be paid to not more than two operators.
(d) If the licensee's gross receipts from bingo occasions are less than fifty thousand dollars for the licensee's most recently filed annual financial report,a salary may be paid to no more than one operator.
(e) The authorization provided in this section shall be suspended when an operator whose annual financial report for the immediately preceding license year is not filed by its statutory due date. The suspension shall remain in place until the date the annual report is filed.
§47-20-15. Payment of reasonable expenses from proceeds; net proceeds disbursement.

(a) The reasonable, necessary and actual expenses incurredin connection with the conduct of bingo occasions, not to exceed fifteen percent of the gross proceeds collected during a license period, may be paid out of the gross proceeds of the conduct of bingo, including, but not limited to: (1) Rent paid for the use of the premises: Provided, That a copy of the rental agreement was filed with the bingo license application and any changes thereto were filed within ten days of being made; (2) The cost of custodial services; (3) The cost to the licensee organization for equipment and supplies used to conduct bingo occasions; (4) The cost to the licensee organization for advertising the bingo occasion; (5) The cost of hiring security personnel, licensed pursuant to the provisions of article eighteen, chapter thirty of this code; and (6) The cost of providing child care services to the bingo patrons: Provided, That any proceeds received from the provision of child care services shall be handled the same as bingo proceeds.
(b) The actual cost to the licensee for prizes, not to exceed the amounts as specified in section ten of this article, may be paid out of the gross proceeds of the conduct of bingo.
(c) The actual cost to the licensee for the audit required by section sixteen of this article, and the financial audit or review required by section twenty-four of this article.
(c) (d) The cost of any refreshments, souvenirs or any other item sold or otherwise provided through any concession to the patrons may not be paid for out of the gross proceeds from the bingo occasion. The licensee shall expend all net proceeds and any interest earned thereon for the charitable or public service purposes stated in the application within one year after theexpiration of the license under which the bingo occasion was conducted. A licensee which does not qualify as a qualified recipient organization may apply to the commissioner at the time it applies for a bingo license or as provided in subsection (e) of this section for permission to apply any or all of its net proceeds to directly support a charitable or public service activity or endeavor which it sponsors.
(d) (e) No gross proceeds from any bingo occasion may be devoted or in any manner used by any licensee or qualified recipient organization for the construction, improvement, maintenance or repair of real or personal property except that which is used exclusively for one or more charitable or public service purposes or as provided in subdivision (3), subsection (a) of this section.
(e) (f) Any licensee which, in good faith, finds itself unable to comply with the requirements of this provision shall apply to the commissioner for permission to expend its net proceeds for one or more charitable or public service purposes other than that stated in its license application or for permission to expend its net proceeds later than the one-year time period specified in this section. The application shall be on a form furnished by the commissioner and shall include the particulars of the requested changes and the reasons for the changes. The application shall be filed no later than sixty days before the end of the one-year period specified in this section. In the case of an application to extend the time in which the net proceeds are to be expended for a charitable or public service purpose, the licensee shall file such periodic reports with thecommissioner as the commissioner directs until the proceeds are expended.
§47-20-16. Records.

(a) Any licensee which holds a bingo occasion as provided by this article shall maintain a separate checking account and separate bookkeeping procedure for its bingo operations.
(b) Money for expenses shall be withdrawn only by checks having preprinted consecutive numbers and made payable to a specific person, firm or corporation and at no time shall a check be made payable to cash.
(c) A licensee shall maintain all records required by this article for at least three years and the records shall be open to the commissioner for reasonable inspection.
(d) Whenever the tax commissioner has reasonable cause to believe a licensee has violated any of the provisions of this article, he or she the commissioner may perform or cause to be performed an audit of the licensee's books and records: Provided, That the tax commissioner shall perform or cause to be performed an audit of the books and records of any licensee that has awarded total prizes in excess of one hundred seventy-five thousand dollars during the period of the license. The tax commissioner shall file a copy of the completed audit with the county commission of the county wherein the licensee holds bingo occasions. The cost of such audit shall be paid by the licensee. §47-20-16a. Suspension or revocation of license.
(a) Suspension of license. -- The tax commissioner may suspend a bingo license for a period of up to fourteen days, in the discretion of the commissioner, if any report required bythis article is within thirty days after its statutory due date.
(b) Revocation of license. -- The tax commissioner may revoke a bingo license when the commissioner determines that the licensee is willfully neglecting complainace with the provisions of this article.
(c) Hearing. -- Prior to suspension or revocation, the commissioner shall notify the licensee of the date, time and place where the licensee may appear and present evidence concerning why the suspension or revocation should not be imposed. The decision of the commissioner may be appealed like an administrative decision may be appeal under article ten, chapter eleven of this code.
§47-20-24. Filing of reports.

(a) Reports by holder of annual or super bingo license. -- Each licensee holding an annual license shall file with the tax commissioner quarterly eleven monthly reports and one annual financial reports report summarizing its bingo operations for the time period covered by the report.
(1) Each quarterly monthly report shall be filed within twenty-five days after the end of the quarter which it covers by the last day of the next succeeding month except that the report for the twelfth month of the license year shall be included in the annual report for that year.
(2) The annual report shall be filed within thirty days by the last day of the first calendar month after the expiration of the license under which the operations covered by the report were held.
(b) Report by holder of limited occasion or state fairlicense. -- Each licensee holding a limited occasion license or a state fair license shall file with the tax commissioner a financial report summarizing its bingo operations for the license period within thirty days after expiration of the license under which the operations covered by the report are held.
(c) Contents of report. -- The report or reports required by this section shall contain the name, address and social security number of any individual who receives during the course of a bingo occasion the aggregate value of which exceeds one hundred dollars, and other information required by the tax commissioner.
(d) Type of annual report when gross proceeds exceed $50,000.
(1) Gross proceeds over $50,000 but not over $250,000. -- The annual financial report required by this section for license years beginning on or after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety- three, must contain a compilation and review of such financial report, as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants, if a licensee's gross receipts under this article and article twenty-one of this chapter exceed fifty thousand dollars but do not exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars during the period of the annual bingo license.
(2) Gross proceeds over $250,000. -- The annual financial report required by this section for license years beginning on or after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety- three, must be audited financial reports as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants if a licensee's gross receipts exceed under this article and articletwenty-one of this chapter exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars during the period of the annual bingo license.
(d) Penalty for failure to timely file report. -- Provided, That any Any licensee failing to file such report when by its due date shall be liable for a penalty of twenty-five dollars for each month or fraction thereof during which the failure continues: Provided, That such penalty shall not to exceed one hundred dollars per report. This penalty shall be assessed and collected as penalty is assessed and collected under article ten, chapter eleven of this code: Provided, however, That annual financial reports for years ending after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety-three, must be audited financial reports as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants if a licensee's gross receipts exceed one hundred thousand dollars: Provided further, That annual financial reports for license years ending after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety- three, must contain a compilation and review of such financial report, as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants, if a licensee's gross receipts exceed fifty thousand dollars but are less than one hundred thousand dollars.
ARTICLE 21. CHARITABLE RAFFLES.

§47-21-7. License fee and exemption from tax.

(a) License fees.
(1) Annual license. -- A license fee shall be paid to the tax commissioner for annual licenses in the amount of five hundred dollars.
(2) Limited occasion license. -- A license fee shall bepaid to the tax commissioner for a limited occasion license in the amount of fifty dollars.
(b) Revenue. -- All revenue from said license fees shall be deposited in the special revenue account established under the authority of section two-a, article nine, chapter eleven of this code and used to support investigatory activities provided for in said section.
(c) Exemptions from tax. (1) The license fee imposed by this section is in lieu of all other license or franchise taxes or fees of this state and no county or municipality or other political subdivision of this state is empowered to impose a license or franchise tax or fee on any raffle or raffle occasion. (b)(2) The gross proceeds derived from the conduct of a raffle occasion are exempt from state and local business and occupation taxes, income taxes, excise taxes and all special taxes. (3) Any charitable or public service organization conducting a raffle occasion pursuant to the provisions of this article is exempt from payment of consumers sales and service taxes, use taxes and all other taxes on all purchases for use or consumption in the conduct of a raffle occasion and is exempt from collecting consumers sales taxes on any admission fees and sales of raffle tickets.
§47-21-11. Limits on prizes awarded -- General provisions.
During the period of a license, the total value of all prizes awarded by a licensee shall not exceed in value eighty- five percent of the gross proceeds collected during that period: Provided, That notwithstanding the foregoing limitation, the total prizes awarded by a licensee, or in the aggregate by two ormore limited occasion licensees holding a joint raffle occasion, for any raffle occasion held pursuant to a limited occasion license, may not exceed in value seven thousand five hundred dollars. Prizes may be money, real or personal property or merchandise other than beer, nonintoxicating beer, wine, spirits or alcoholic liquor as defined in section five, article one, chapter sixty of this code. If the prizes are real or personal property or merchandise, the value assigned to them is their fair market value at the time of acquisition for the raffle or at the time of purchase.
§47-21-15. Payment of reasonable expenses from proceeds; net proceeds disbursement.

(a) The reasonable, necessary and actual expenses incurred in connection with the conduct of raffle occasions, not to exceed fifteen percent of the gross proceeds collected during a license period, may be paid out of the gross proceeds of the conduct of raffle, including, but not limited to: (1) Rent paid for the use of the premises: Provided, That a copy of the rental agreement was filed with the raffle license application and any changes thereto were filed within ten days of being made; (2) The cost of custodial services; (3) The cost to the licensee organization for equipment and supplies used to conduct raffle occasions; (4) The cost to the licensee organization for advertising the raffle occasion; (5) The cost of hiring security personnel, licensed pursuant to the provisions of article eighteen, chapter thirty of this code; and (6) The cost of providing child care services to the bingo raffle patrons: Provided, That any proceeds received from the provision of child care services shall be handled thesame as bingo raffle proceeds.
(b) The actual cost to the licensee for prizes, not to exceed the amounts as specified in section eleven of this article, may be paid out of the gross proceeds of the conduct of raffle.
(c) The actual cost to the licensee for the audit required by section sixteen of this article, and the financial audit or review required by section twenty-four of this article.
(c) (d) The cost of any refreshments, souvenirs or any other item sold or otherwise provided through any concession to the patrons may not be paid for out of the gross proceeds from the raffle occasion. The licensee shall expend all net raffle proceeds and any interest earned thereon for the charitable or public service purposes stated in the application within one year after the expiration of the license under which the raffle occasions were conducted. A licensee which does not qualify as a qualified recipient organization may apply to the commissioner at the time it applies for a raffle license or as provided in subsection (e) of this section for permission to apply any or all of its net proceeds to directly support a charitable or public service activity or endeavor which it sponsors.
(d) (e) No gross proceeds from any raffle occasion may be devoted or in any manner used by any licensee or qualified recipient organization for the construction, improvement, maintenance or repair of real or personal property except that which is used exclusively for one or more charitable or public service purposes or as provided in subdivision (3), subsection (a) of this section.
(e) (f) Any licensee which, in good faith, finds itself unable to comply with the requirements of this provision shall apply to the commissioner for permission to expend its net proceeds for one or more charitable or public service purposes other than that stated in its license application or for permission to expend its net proceeds later than the one-year time period specified in this section. The application shall be on a form furnished by the commissioner and shall include the particulars of the requested changes and the reasons for the changes. The application shall be filed no later than sixty days before the end of the one-year period specified in this section. In the case of an application to extend the time in which the net proceeds are to be expended for a charitable or public service purpose, the licensee shall file such periodic reports with the commissioner as the commissioner directs until the proceeds are expended.
§47-21-16. Records.
Any licensee which holds a raffle occasion as provided by this article shall maintain a separate checking account and separate bookkeeping procedure for its raffle operations. Expenses and cash prizes shall be paid only by checks having preprinted consecutive numbers and made payable to a specific person, firm or corporation and at no time shall a check be made payable to cash. All records required by this article shall be maintained for at least three years and shall be open to the commissioner for reasonable inspection. Whenever the tax commissioner has reasonable cause to believe a licensee has violated any of the provisions of this article, he thecommissioner may perform or cause to be performed an audit of the licensee's books and records. The cost of such audit shall be paid by the licensee.
§47-21-16a. Suspension or revocation of license.

(a) Suspension of license. -- The tax commissioner may suspend a raffle license for a period of up to fourteen days, in the discretion of the commissioner, if any report required by this article is within thirty days after its statutory due date.
(b) Revocation of license. -- The tax commissioner may revoke a raffle license when the commissioner determines that the licensee is willfully neglecting complainace with the provisions of this article.
(c) Hearing. -- Prior to suspension or revocation, the commissioner shall notify the licensee of the date, time and place where the licensee may appear and present evidence concerning why the suspension or revocation should not be imposed. The decision of the commissioner may be appealed like an administrative decision may be appeal under article ten, chapter eleven of this code.
§47-21-22. Filing of reports.

(a) Reports by holder of annual license. -- Each licensee holding an annual, limited or state fair license shall file with the commissioner monthly and annual financial report reports summarizing its raffle operations for the time period covered by the report.
(1) Each monthly report shall be filed by the last day of the next succeeding month, except for the report covering the last month of the license year shall be included in the annualreport.
(2) The annual report shall be filed within thirty days after the expiration date of such license.
(b) Report by holder of limited occasion or state fair license. -- Each licensee holding a limited occasion license or a state fair license shall file with the tax commissioner a financial report summarizing its raffle operations for the license period within thirty days after the expiration date of such license. report are held.
(c) Contents of report. -- The reports required by this section shall contain the name, address and social security number of any individual who receives during the course of a raffle occasion prizes the aggregate value of which exceeds one hundred dollars, and other information required by the tax commissioner.
(d) Type of annual report when gross proceeds exceed $50,000.
(1) Gross proceeds over $50,000 but not over $250,000. -- The annual financial report required by this section for license years beginning on or after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety- three, must contain a compilation and review of such financial report, as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants, if a licensee's gross receipts under this article and article twenty-one of this chapter exceed fifty thousand dollars but do not exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars during the period of the annual bingo license.
(2) Gross proceeds over $250,000. -- The annual financial report required by this section for license years beginning on orafter the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety- three, must be audited financial reports as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants if a licensee's gross receipts exceed under this article and article twenty-one of this chapter exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars during the period of the annual bingo license.
(d) Penalty for failure to timely file report. -- Provided, That any Any licensee failing to file such report when by its due date shall be liable for a penalty of twenty-five dollars for each month or fraction thereof during which the failure continues: Provided, That such penalty shall not to exceed one hundred dollars per report. This penalty shall be assessed and collected as penalty is assessed and collected under article ten, chapter eleven of this code: Provided, however, That annual financial reports for years ending after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety-three, must be audited financial reports as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants if a licensee's gross receipts exceed one hundred thousand dollars: Provided further, That annual financial reports for license years ending after the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety-three, must contain a compilation and review of such financial report, as defined by the American institute of certified public accountants, if a licensee's gross receipts exceed fifty thousand dollars but are less than one hundred thousand dollars.]



NOTE: The purpose of this bill is to make it easier for charitable bingo and charitable raffle licensees to comply withthe requirements of the law for the licensing and conduct of bingo and raffles and to provide the Tax Commissioner with more current information and additional authority to ensure that bingo and raffles are conducted in accordance with West Virginia law.

Strike-through indicate language of current law that would be deleted. Underscoring indicates language that would be added to current law.

Bill sections 47-20-16a and 47-21-16a are new. Therefore, strike-throughs and underscoring are omitted.
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